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Accounting For Healthcare Industry In USA

FAS CPA & Consultants

Accounting for Healthcare Professionals

Healthcare enterprises derive income from insurance payments, patients, and grants, amongst other sources. The enterprises pay for supplies, wages, and overheads. However, income and expenses are rarely synchronized. Insurance companies and patients often delay payments. Enterprises source regular and infrequent supplies from multiple vendors who require payment. Also, healthcare accounts must always comply with strict HIPAA requirements. Healthcare accounting is a balancing act requiring trained accountants specializing in healthcare accounting. 

⇒The law and politicians who regulate healthcare are aware of its importance; hence healthcare is prone to rapid changes. Only soundly managed hospitals or healthcare services can survive the ever-changing industry.

⇒The industry is prone to fees, fines, and even criminal charges when mismanaging accounts.

Typical Consumers of Healthcare Accounting

⇒ Assisted Living Facilities

⇒ Dental Practitioners

⇒ Diagnostic Clinics

⇒ Hospitals

⇒ Laboratories

⇒ Medical Clinics

⇒ Nursing homes

⇒ Orthodontic Practitioners

⇒ Outpatient Facilities

⇒ Specialist Practices

Stakeholders Dependent on Healthcare Accounting Reports and Controls

⇒ Care Facilities.

⇒ Employees.

⇒ Employers.

⇒ Federal and State Government.

⇒ Healthcare Providers.

⇒ Insurance Companies.

⇒ Legislators.

⇒ Patients.

⇒ Pharmaceutical companies and medical device manufacturers.

The Role of Accounting for Healthcare Industry

Patients deserve the best care and treatment money can buy, which costs money. The market demands cost-effective health care. Healthcare accountants are pivotal in balancing care and treatment quality with costs. This is the essence of managing a healthcare enterprise over time.

⇒ Healthcare accountants must control the appropriation of high-quality supplies within the limits of the budget.

⇒ Healthcare accountants are responsible for the coupling of income and expenses.

⇒ Healthcare enterprises stand and fall on the quality of their financial management and controls. Processing efficiency can improve with the development of technology.

⇒ Accurate accounting data and reports are critical tools for managing healthcare enterprises. In modern organizations, automation tends to replace old-fashioned communication. However, in a healthcare environment, ineffective communication can be fatal. Every member of the healthcare team must contribute to the accounting process. This requires frequent meetings and high participation. Communication is the best defense against omissions and mistakes in accounting.

⇒ High-level communication is critical for the maintenance of good workflow. From beginning to end, the workflow must safeguard against mistakes. In healthcare, mistakes are not only expensive. They can be deadly.

⇒ Healthcare is a business, and businesses must attract consumers to buy their products. The goal is not only to earn a profit but to remain viable over the long term. Unfortunately, many healthcare enterprises must avoid treating rare disorders with long recovery times. It might be impossible for the business to survive if it becomes the go-to hospital for medical conditions without a financially viable treatment profile.

⇒ Therefore, hospitals must also keep the cost of treatments affordable for rare conditions. The hospital can achieve this if it can afford to do the required research. And of course, this costs more money and requires accounting specialists to guide the management in the appropriation and budgeting for research.

Vital Accounting Reports

Critical decision-making is only possible when accurate accounting records are available timely. In addition, the reports provide a picture of the enterprise’s financial health at the time.

 

Profit and Loss Reports [P&L]

P&Ls provide summaries of income, costs, and expenses over a specific period. These reports are issued quarterly and annually based on cash or accrual accounting.

 

Accrual Accounting

⇒ Report expenses and revenue when they are incurred or earned, whether the cash is already on hand.

⇒ It is a very accurate method.

⇒ It depicts the current and projected financial performance for a fixed period.

⇒ It is a complex accounting method based on detailed accounts payable and receivable functions. However, the healthcare industry prefers this method because payments often take long before they receive it.

⇒ It is recommended for larger companies that can afford to outsource their accounting.

Cash Accounting

⇒ Cash and revenue are only recorded once it is on hand.

⇒ It is a more straightforward method of accounting favored by the agricultural sector.

 

Comparisons of P&Ls for different periods indicate changes over time. Public companies must file P&Ls with the SEC and must comply with GAAP.

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Accountants for Medical Centers

Healthcare accountants work for hospitals, insurance companies, and medical practices. One of their primary responsibilities is to oversee compliance with federal, state, and local laws and regulations imposed on healthcare management and accounting. However, the most critical task healthcare accountants face is Revenue Cycle Management. 

 

Revenue Cycle Management

Looking after revenue generation, payments, and claims of a medical office is of self-evident importance.   The cycle includes computer-based billing and tracking of medical claims by patients. The process includes:

⇒ Co-payment collections.

⇒ Management of claims denied.

⇒ Medical diagnostic code accuracy.

⇒ Patient eligibility determination.

⇒ Payment Collections.

⇒ Tracking of claims.

Daily tasks include:

⇒ Allocation of revenue.

⇒ Budget development.

⇒ Calculation of depreciation.

⇒ Control of the balance sheets.

⇒ Determination of income and expenses.

⇒ Monitoring financial reporting.

⇒ Producing accounting reports.

⇒ Tracking reimbursements.

Balance Sheets

Record the estimated total assets and liabilities and calculate the difference between total assets and debts to provide a current estimate of the company’s net worth.

⇒ Accounts receivable and payable departments manage payments received and payments to vendors.

⇒ Errors in these departments have a direct impact on the balance sheets of the enterprise.

⇒ Current post-pandemic remote and hybrid working environments require healthcare and medical accounting to move online and away from manual and paper processes. Therefore, reduction of the error margin involves automation.

 

Balance sheets report the company’s assets and liabilities on a specific date. Therefore, it does not show trends over time. However, it does provide the data required to analyze the company’s financial condition as reflected by financial metrics and ratios.

Current Ratio

⇒ Current assets divided by current liabilities

Quick Ratio

⇒ Current assets [excluding inventory] divided by current liabilities

Working Capital

⇒Current assets minus current liabilities

Debt-to-Equity Ratio

⇒Total liabilities divided by equity

Cash Flow Statement

⇒ Reporting on all transactions that affect the solvency of the enterprise.   The in-flow of all cash is reported. Investors, owners, and management use it to monitor the enterprise. Sections include operations, investment, and finance. It clarifies the need for finance and is used for long-term planning.

Performance Reporting

⇒Healthcare enterprises must produce a report of their financial performance. In addition, they are required to create cash flow statements, balance sheets and statements of operations, and changes in net assets. These reports provide vital information to trustees, senior management, and the general public. Even tax-exempt hospitals and healthcare services must report their performance by itemizing uncompensated community care benefits.

Industry-specific Reporting

⇒ Asset depreciation: Many healthcare assets depreciate, including commercial buildings, equipment, technology, software licenses, and IT infrastructures. Reports must include asset cost and useful life. The depreciation charge must be recorded for every relevant accounting period.

⇒ Credit balances

⇒ Medical service payments and receivables: Hospitals and healthcare providers are reimbursed in various ways.

⇒ Capitation enrolls members who pay a fixed amount per period irrespective of whether they receive medical care. Instead, their expected healthcare usage determines their payment.

⇒ Per Diem payments are determined by the number of days a patient received care. The payer or a Medicare Severity Diagnosis Related Group sets the amount.

⇒ Pay for Performance(P4P) or value-based purchasing incentivizes hospital and care providers. Measurable determinants include, for example, lowered patient blood pressure. However, P4P is an accounting burden because it is unstandardized.

⇒ Payer mixes:

⇒ Hospitals and healthcare providers receive payment from public and private entities, often from more than a hundred different payers. Therefore, accounting specific to every other kind of payer is imperative.

⇒ Hospitals and healthcare providers must disclose charges to payers. Price determination is sometimes based on a chargemaster – a detailed list of items billable items – or MS-DRGs.

⇒ Healthcare costing is complex and based on multiple variables.

⇒ Credit Balances:

⇒ When hospitals and care providers collect more money than patients owe them, the balance accumulates in accounts receivable. The accumulation of credit is alleviated when the accountants can write outstanding checks.

⇒ When the intended recipient of these checks is deceased, the outstanding amounts are paid to the state.

GAAP

All healthcare accounting must conform to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP guidelines, or risk fines and criminal prosecution. An independent audit determines non-compliance and is reported to the Financial Accounting Standards Board [FASB].

GAAP Principles

⇒ Regularity: Permanent adherence to GAAP rules and regulations.

⇒ Consistency: The application of consistent rules and standards throughout the process ensures financial comparability between periods.

⇒ Sincerity: Provide an accurate and impartial picture of the entity’s financial condition.

⇒ Permanence: Consistent procedures will allow comparisons between different sets of information.

⇒ Prudence: Use only factual data for representation without speculation.

⇒ Non-Compensation: Transparently report positives and negatives, excluding any expectation of debt compensation.

⇒ Continuity: Operate the business continuously when valuing assets.

⇒ Periodicity: Revenue from the appropriate period only will be reported.

⇒ Materiality: Report and disclose all the material financial and accounting data in the financial reports.

⇒ Uberrimae Fidei: Commit to utmost good faith in all transactions.

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What is Medical Centers Bookkeeping?

Bookkeeping is the keeping of the books for healthcare so in this sense for example it starts with the bank accounts, the healthcare companies open a bank account and receive the payments from agencies. There are agencies for all those who care retirees at home, they are in the middle companies that they deal with Medicare, and they subcontracted this companies, they will receive their income from this middle agency that deal directly with Medicare and many of these small providers of services do not directly deal with Medicare. All that will be handled by an intermediary, and they will deal with the providers of each service, and this is how they receive income, when that happens then the accounting, the bookkeeping is straightforward, the income is the money received from the intermediary or Medicare directly. And all expenses are paid to third parties.

 

What are The Benefits of Having A CPA Specialized in Medical Centers?

The benefit will be the understanding of the industry from the CPA and how that knowledge will help the owner of the company to correctly classify the expenses and the elaboration of the tax return in the year and the decisions that the owner must take during the year for the administration of the business. Just to give an example, what will be easier dealing with Medicare directly or dealing with an intermediary, Medicare will always require more. So, if the owner doesn’t have the required licenses Medicare will not be able to provide for service and perhaps will be easier to deal with a provider in the middle because it depends on the ability of the vendor to have the capital to deal directly with Medicare and at the end of the year the correct classification of the expense for the elaboration of the tax return.

 

Healthcare Accounting Automation

Surveys indicate that accounts payable were the most likely department in healthcare accounting to be digitized and automated. In one survey, 38 percent of respondents showed supplier payment volumes increased over the last year. Also, hybrid and fully remote workforces require digitization. Paper processes are outdated and result in errors, duplicate billing, and strained vendor relationships.

 

Case Studies

 

California Cancer Associates For Research And Excellence[cCARE]

⇒ California’s biggest oncology and hematology practices had to migrate from manual processes to pay their bills.

Task

⇒They had to process more than 1,000 bills manually every month. In addition, they made two check runs per week, requiring approval

Solution

⇒ Using Quick Books and Mineral Tree automation, cCARE automated its payments. As a result, the process is now 80 percent faster.

Cascade Senior Living Services

⇒ Cascade handles the back-end office work on behalf of the centers that care for senior residents.

Task

⇒ Remote work and manual processes hampered Cascade’s efficiency. It resulted in a lack of visibility, unpaid invoices, and overpaying for some items.

Solution

⇒ Using Mineral Tree, end-to-end AP Automation drove down costs, cut inefficiencies, and centralized the process.

Healthcare accounting errors

⇒ Falling behind on new accounting procedures:

⇒ Falling behind when accounting changes are announced can be perilous. For example, many hospitals faced dire consequences when it became impossible to classify bad debt as an operating expense.

⇒ New accounting pronouncements come with advance notice. Therefore, accounting teams should remain proactive. AICPA updates their Audit and Accounting Guide at their November conference. Accountants should be ready to study the new guidance in November.

⇒ Ignoring credit balances and accumulating outstanding checks:

⇒ Some hospitals have millions on credit balances. They have to deal with it.

⇒ One way to handle it is by writing checks to reimburse patients and insurers. However, these checks must be tracked.

⇒ Some recipients of checks are dead or emigrated; again, the hospital might end up with millions in the form of unpaid checks reducing the balance statement of the institution.

⇒ Misstating allowances in the revenue cycle:

⇒ Third-party payers typically develop their fee schedules, but they vary from payer to payer, complicating the accounting process. On the accrual basis, where revenues and expenses are reported before the cash is on hand, allowances are often misstated in the revenue cycle.

⇒ Accountants can prevent this by implementing a revenue cycle tool to track billing, payments received, allowances, and other financial data. This tool will provide complex data with little room for error when determining receivables.

⇒ Overlooking the capitalizing of interest:

⇒ A hospital’s interest expenses paid on debt obligations are not reflected as an interest expense on the income statement. Instead, it must be capitalized as a construction cost incurred during the construction period.

The Benefits of outsourcing

Healthcare accounting is a tedious and complicated endeavor that is time-consuming. Even so, the IRS is unforgiving when they discover mistakes. For example, you pay a two percent penalty if you file your payroll taxes one day late. Fines can amount to as much as fifteen percent of the initial amount payable.   Outsourcing is a simple process and frees hospital and healthcare management from accounting worries and allows them to focus on day-to-day operations.

 

Readers should note that this article is only intended to convey general information on these issues and that FAS CPA & Consultants (FAS) in no way intends for the contents of this article to be construed as accounting, business, financial, investment, legal, tax, or other professional advice or services.  This article cannot serve as a substitute for such professional services or advice.  Any decision or action that may affect the reader’s business should not rely solely on the contents of this article but should rather be consulted on with a qualified professional adviser. FAS shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person who relies on this presentation.  This article is subject to change at any time and for any reason.

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